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AVT-297NATO UNCLASSIFIEDActiveRTG2018-01-01T00:00:00Z2024-06-30T00:00:00ZDevelopment of a Framework for Validation of Computational Tools for Analysis of Air and Sea Vehicles
1
Air, Computational, Sea, Validation, Vehicles
One of the keys to enabling development of 21st century weapon systems to meet new threats on shorter design cycles within affordable budgets is more reliance on physics-based simulation using evolving high performance computing systems. Physics-based systems engineering facilitates risk analysis, analysis of alternatives and integrated lifecycle engineering. High fidelity physics-based simulation has the potential to reduce cost and development time when simulations can be confidently used to augment or replace some systems testing in the development process. Systems simulations need to be validated to ensure that the simulation accurately models the system. Validation requires a database of experiments that cover the physics of the system.
The objective of the proposed Task Group is to develop a process to identify cases needed for a validation database for design of military aerospace and sea vehicles.
The following activities will be undertaken: Establish consensus on terminology and definition of validation experiments, Suggest a decomposition of vehicles into their constituent components, and Identify a framework and evaluate the framework using multiple use cases identified from vehicle qualification requirements.
AVT-297AVT
AVT-298NATO UNCLASSIFIEDActiveRTG2018-01-01T00:00:00Z2024-12-31T00:00:00ZReynolds Number Scaling Effects on Swept Wing Flows
1
Aerodynamics, Leading edge, Reynolds, Scale, Separation, Trailing edge, Transition, Wing
Future combat air vehicle requirements are likely to result in wing shapes which will have challenging stability and control characteristics. Examples include demonstrator programmes such as X-45C and X-47B in the US and nEUROn and Taranis in Europe. Experience in these programmes, and in previous in research activities (including AVT-161, 201, 183), has shown that the aerodynamics of wings in this class is challenging to predict using numerical tools and that low Reynolds number wind tunnel testing does not produce results that are adequately representative of full scale vehicles. Without further research to understand these problems, the result will be that conservative estimates must be used for aircraft sizing, resulting in larger and more costly vehicle designs. There are similar issues for future civil and military blended or hybrid wing-body (BWB/HWB) configurations, which widens the appeal of this activity and hence improves access to resources and expertise. A complimentary topic for this activity is Reynolds number effects on intake and propulsion integration aerodynamics for unconventional future configurations. Main motivations: • To improve understanding of the full scale aerodynamics of this class of wing and how this differs from what is measured at low Reynolds numbers or predicted with CFD • Understand implications for propulsion integration • To minimise the safety margin that has to be allowed in combat aircraft design to account for uncertainty in maximum usable lift determined from sub-scale wind tunnel test and/or CFD prediction • To identify improved ways of applying CFD methods to the prediction of these flows and, where appropriate, to recommend improvements to the methods themselves. • To identify ways in which traditional approaches to transition fixing could be improved for sub-scale wind tunnel testing of this class of wing • To propose ways of improving the effectiveness of wing design methods Addressing this should improve our ability to design cost effective future air vehicles in the future and reduce risk in their development.
• Draw together existing expertise and knowledge in this field, including AVT-183 and AVT-201 participants • Define and agree one or more representative test cases • Perform high and low Reynolds number wind tunnel testing on a suitable wing configuration • Share variable Reynolds number intake dataset • CFD investigations including studies into turbulence models and transition prediction • Understand and interpret the results
• Understanding flow physics • Boundary layer development and its influence • Leading-edge and trailing-edge flow breakdown mechanisms • Separated and vortex dominated flows • Intake boundary layer ingestion • CFD modelling • Boundary layer and transition modelling • Turbulence modelling • Design of relevant experimental test cases and identification of appropriate test facilities • Wind tunnel test technique • Cryogenic testing • Transition fixing approaches
AVT-298AVT
SET-251OtherAwaiting PublicationRTG2017-04-05T00:00:00Z2022-10-30T00:00:00ZShip Radar Signature Management Benefit to Ships1
dynamic environment, kill chain, measurement, models, propagation, Radar, signature management, signatures, validation
The signature of a ship and the propagation conditions are crucial factors in determining the outcome of various stages in the kill chain. SET-203 has worked on ship radar signature management concentrating on the sensitivity of models to input parameters and the collection and use of data to validate models; this includes use of data from the SET-154’s SQUIRREL trial. NATO SET-203 has worked closely with SCI-258 and SCI-293 to pull through the radar signatures work into the AWWCG, including the NEMO 2016 trial. The group will concentrate on radar signatures but will take compatibility with the other signatures into account; liaising with SET-211 on infra-red.
Quantify the benefit of radar signature management to a ship’s survivability. This requires an understanding of how radar signature management affects the outcome of various stages in the kill chain. To achieve this it is necessary to be able to predict, with sufficient accuracy, the signature of the ship and any countermeasures as seen by the particular threat in the environmental conditions of that scenario. The group will increase the understanding of radar propagation through the atmosphere close to the sea at cm and mm wavelengths.
The group’s objectives will be achieved through liaison with Ships’ Commands, Operational Staff, other NATO groups and national researchers. The topics to be covered include investigations into (i) the sensitivity of the predicted propagation to the data available on-board ship, (ii) the level of detail required on the operational ship’s signature, as well as details of any countermeasures, (iii) the effect of different threat characteristics on the ship’s susceptibility. The proposed group will use the data gathered in NATO and national trials to validate modelling. A workshop will be organized on the effect of radar signature management on the kill chain; other groups will be invited to participate.
SET-251SET
HFM-285PUBLIC RELEASEActiveRTG2018-06-11T00:00:00Z2024-06-11T00:00:00ZSpeech Understanding of English language in Native and non-Native speakers/listeners in NATO with and without Hearing Deficits
1
Blast Injury, Communication Reliability, Communication Skills, Hearing Aids, Hearing Impairment, Hearing Loss, Military Fitness, Occupational Health, Rehabilitation, Reintegration
Acoustic communication (Speech and hearing) is one of the most important abilities for soldiers to perform their tasks. Misunderstandings can cause fatal accidents or lead to errors in decision making. Within NATO coalitions, communications take place between native and non-native English-Speakers and English-Listeners. Communicating in a non-native language between speakers and listeners with even the best of language skills can be difficult, and variations in the levels of language training, environmental noise, operational acuity, and adjunct communication gear can make reasonable speaker/listeners non-functional at communicating. The NATO setup imposes inherent communications risks which need to be analyzed to develop rules for a reliable multilingual Auditory Communication between participating nations. Most communication in the military takes place using the transfer of acoustic information (Speaking- Listening): Radio-transmission is used in virtually all communication chains, and almost always by speaking and listening mode. The quicker information is needed, the more likely it will be conveyed through acoustic transmission. Visual or tactile communication requires line of site, or close proximity and involves averting focus or weapon contact to pass along non-verbal communication. Written communication is time consuming and requires special equipment (printers; monitors) that is not always available. Englilsh is the default language for NATO communication. Most NATO soldiers have other-than-English native tongues, and extent of language training in the English language (written, reading, listening abilities) is highly heterogeneous depending on many factors (School English education; exposure to English; general educational level; and many more). Military vocabulary and Tactical operational language and communication modes are not often taught in school systems. Even among native English speaking soldiers communications is endangered by dialects, pronunciation, slang, education etc. It is self-evident that communication miscues can pose serious life threatening risks to Military personnel, Military weapon systems, and may lead to errors in decision making decreasing unity of effort and overall operational performance. In a typical NATO situation a French soldier communicates with a German or Polish soldier in English. From the linguistic point of view this adds a degree of difficulty that threatens communication efficacy. The pronunciation of English words by French soldiers, for example, is less clear than from native English speakers, and the auditory differentiation ability of French-spoken English phonemes by a German or Polish soldier is reduced in comparison to their ability to understand a native English speaker. Therefore the reliability of communication is at greater risk. Hearing loss due to combat injuries is a common sequelae of military training and military operations, to a greater extent than even post traumatic stress disorders (in many countries were data are available). It is an increasingly common health problem in any population. Hearing loss will further degrade communication quality. The CSO 229 recommended a concept for a NATO-wide Database, to assess hearing function. One of the aims of the database, was to provide adequate data to assess hearing function and performance. The CSO 229 group proposed this TAP as the next step to reduce communication risks for soldiers.
The RTG will define standards for acoustic communication based on a soldier’s linguistic and hearing abilities. NATO must therefore analyze this risk area to identify, mitigate, and optimize potential threats to communication that will resolve NATO army abilities to exchange information without errors. To address this problem, operational military specific speech tests need to be developed for cross-examination across all participating NATO nations. Such operational speech tests delivered in typical military noise environments are superior to standard speech tests performed in quiet or white noise settings in their ability to identify specific risk areas of communication failure. The tests need an audiogram to identify the normal hearing population and to classify the hearing impaired soldiers. The triple figure test in both native and English languages is almost independent from English language knowledge and can show auditory English differentiation abilities among the various countries. The validated standard speech tests in quite surroundings (Native language vs English) enables determination of the auditory differentiation abilities for coalition members with a higher level of English language knowledge/training. The validated standard speech tests in noisy surroundings (Native language vs English) enables determination of advanced auditory differentiation abilities in settings closer to the real life situations in the field that may correlate better with operational performance. Such operational testing attempts to predict real-world military function and provides the most specific data on communication risk by non-native speakers/listeners. It will also demonstrate the risk and increase in hearing effort required when English-speaking soldiers communicate with non-native English speakers at various education levels, and will recommend training and guidance to enhance soldiers’ communication readiness and function.
The RTG will cover the following topics in the delivered report: - Recommendations for assessing communication quality in international settings o Development of international comparable, multilingual speech tests for all soldiers o Development of tests for communication quality in NATO context o Development of military specific back ground noise standards in speech tests o Development of complex multilingual hearing tests using real-life environmental military noise o Fulfilling routine (network-based) hearing screening o Defining “soldiers at risk” for communication errors. o Standards for screening and surveillance for “soldiers at risk”, reflecting non-native speakers/listeners o Recommendation for Definition and Implementation of National Military Audiology Centers (Hearing centers of Excellence) o Establishment of a continuous experts conference (2-3 years cycle) o Recommendation for further Workgroups (RTO): - - 1. Treatment of injuries of the hearing system (current status and future concepts)  Conservative or surgical treatment, incl implants  Auditory and vestibular Rehabilitation programs - 2. Technical Hearing restoration and protection (“return to duty” requirements), e.g.  Implants (full implants; cochlea implant; middle ear implants)  hearing aids and hearing protective devices  integration in communication appliances - 3. Further recommendations for Military fitness for duty, e.g.  Medical, occupational and technological challenges  Hearing impaired soldiers  Hearing training concepts  Fit for military equipment and job requirements in non-native speakers
HFM-285HFM
SET-242OtherAwaiting PublicationRTG2017-02-02T00:00:00Z2023-02-02T00:00:00ZPassive Coherent Locators on Mobile Platforms



1
motion compensation, multistatic processing, Passive Radar, signal reconstruction
Passive radar has specific properties making it attractive for military purposes. These are among others silent operation and anti-stealth capability. Their performance capabilities have been studied extensively and passive radar technology has reached a state of maturity, which makes it a candidate for concrete military applications. At the present moment, several operating units of military ground based passive radars have been constructed and many more are in R&D stage. In addition to ground based stationary installations of passive radar approaches have been undertaken to address passive radar on airborne and maritime platforms.
n continuation of the research on passive radar technology for moving platforms the benefits and challenges of passive radar for military applications on moving ground based, maritime and airborne platforms shall be studied in a new SET-activity. The work will have strong relations with the LTCR’s as follows: LTCR Priority 10 - Counter Low Signature Airborne Targets; COP, active and passive sensors, target RCS vs bistatic observation angle, LTCR Priority 12 - Counter Rocket, Artillery and Mortar: advanced radars LTCR Priority 13 - Counter Threat to Low Altitude Air Vehicles; sensors to detect threat, LTCR Priority 25 - Intelligence Surveillance & Reconnaissance (ISR) Collection Capability: Active and passive sensors Moreover there is connection between the topics mentioned above and CNAD DAT ITEM 1: Large Aircraft Survivability and DAT ITEM 3: Protection of Helicopters from Rocket-Propelled Grenades (RPG) As far as relations with UK Taxonomy are concerned one can point out on topics as follows: A09.02 – DSP Technology, A09.08 - Information and Data Fusion Technology B06.02 – RF Sensors B10.09 – Non-Co-operative Target Recognition. C01.03 - Platform and System Concept Studies C06.09 - Counter Stealth R02.L02 - Counter Low Signature Airborne Targets
The focus of this study will be on the specific phenomena related to the changing scenario of environment and interference for moving platforms, the signal processing aspects with respect to platform motion as well as on system aspects and conceptual considerations for maritime and airborne military vehicles. The study will be a continuation of the work of SET 186 “Airborne Passive Radars and their Applications APRA” and also works undertaken in the frame of the group SET-195 “DMPAR short term solution” The research will identify basic phenomena including platform motion models as well as signal and clutter models, identify technological challenges including hardware and signal processing development, identify end user requirements and address operational usefulness. The output of this study will be a final report . - A performance analysis of the moving sensors - Signal processing and clutter cancelation - Data fusion, target localization and tracking - User requirements - Platform motion compensation - Reference signal reconstruction - Direct signal suppression - Multi-band processing
SET-242SET
MSG-152PUBLIC RELEASEActiveRTG2017-05-16T00:00:00Z2020-05-16T00:00:00ZNATO Modelling and Simulation Professional Corps Development
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Certification, Education, Modelling, MSG, Professional, Simulation, Training
Since the start of the information age, NATO and Nation modelling and simulation systems have provided support to the alliance for training; education; decision-making; procurement; concept development and experimentation and other areas. In spite of the high degree of reliance on these systems, there has been no formalization of NATO qualifications for the NATO and Nation personnel planning and managing the use of these systems. Defining essential knowledge and establishing professional standards for NATO modelling and simulation improves NATO and Nation performance and provides the greatest benefit to the alliance.
Develop a professional M&S Education and Training portfolio and certification process that more effectively supports NATO and national modelling and simulation requirements. Expand knowledge of modelling and simulation, increase awareness and contribute to the increased standardization of M&S activities across NATO.
• Develop and implement the NATO M&S Professional Certification Process • Complete M&S E&T Opportunities Catalogue for evaluation of E&T opportunities available in the Nations, with special focus on matching the competencies with the course content developed by ET-40 • Define the NATO M&S Code of Ethics • Develop and implement the NATO M&S Certification Process and its management • Identify required competencies for different levels of certification in the NATO M&S E&T Road Map • Align identified competencies against European Union Educational Framework • Develop course development timelines and priorities ensuring most critical courses are developed first based on identified NATO M&S competencies. • To define NATO M&S educational courses and layout general syllabi and its content when feasible. • Explore the best methodologies for delivering content: online, classroom, lecture series, self-study, hybrid approaches, etc.
MSG-152MSG
AVT-283NATO UNCLASSIFIEDActiveAG2017-01-01T00:00:00Z2023-12-31T00:00:00ZAdvances in Wind Tunnel Boundary Correction and Simulation
1
Boundary Interference, Correction, Wall Interference, Wind Tunnel
The discipline of adjusting wind tunnel data for wall boundaries has been in practice almost as long as wind tunnels have been in existence. Demand for more accurate data has continued to push the development of correction methodologies and boundary representation. Additionally, more emphasis has been placed on the validation of computational tools for use in vehicle design and analysis, with the intent to significantly reduce the number of ground tests required to verify a concept. Better correction methods used in ground testing would lead to improved accuracy in the prediction of aerodynamic behavior of future aircraft systems designed for military operations. For example, transport aircraft tend to have large blunt tails that have a tendency to separate easily and advancement in propulsion systems have moved installed systems away from conventional axially directed thrust. In 1995 The AGARD Fluid Dynamics Panel planned what became AGARDograph 336 which was published in 1998 as a sequel to 1966 publication of AGARDograph 109. Although both of the documents still contain valid information, the requirements placed on the field of wall interference are increasingly stringent in alignment with computational prediction and validation requirements. Correction is still appropriate for certain kinds of production tests, but understanding the interference itself is more appropriate for CFD validation activities. The move to more CFD based design has reduced the demand for testing, and as a result, support of specialists in this area have diminished. It has been 16 years since the last AGARDograph in this area and only one or two of the authors of this document continue to practice in the discipline. The same can be said of the international community that once existed around this topic area.
AG to serve as a companion to AGARDograph 336 to reflect advances, lessons learned and future needs of the aerodynamic ground testing community with respect to boundary interference.
(1) Advanced to classical interference techniques (2) Advancements in boundary pressure measurements (3) Transonic interference (4) Bluff-body interference assessment (5) Updates to interference in powered testing (6) Interference for dynamic testing (7) Adaptive wall interference (8) Uncertainty in wall interference (9) Future needs and direction (10) Use of computational methods in wall boundary interference assessment (results from proposed RWS)
AVT-283AVT
SCI-302OtherAwaiting PublicationRTG2017-06-07T00:00:00Z2022-06-07T00:00:00ZDIRCM Concepts and Performances

1
Digital simulations, DIRCM, Electro-optics, EOCM, HWIL facilities, Jamming, Laser, MANPADS, Missile
Infrared and electro-optically (EO/IR) guided missiles continue to increase in complexity, capability and diversity, and pose an increasing threat to aircrafts. This threat diversity leads to the design of complex countermeasure sequences generally based on mixed flare combination. As an alternative solution, more and more aircraft are using laser-based DIRCM systems for their protection. This proposed new group activity follows up the work performed in the framework of SCI-237 panel about DIRCM State of the Art and assessment recommendation. After the elaboration of a common NATO Staff Requirement for DIRCM and the test methodologies definition needed for testing/qualifying DIRCM equipment, the group expressed a common interest to further assess and optimize the operational performance of these DIRCM systems in terms of jamming effectiveness. The group will have strong synergies and complementarities with the NAFAG/ACG3/SG2/Infrared Technical Team (IRTT). Whereas the IRTT is globally testing DIRCM equipment on ground or in flight at system level, the purpose of this new SCI group is to thoroughly assess and optimize the effectiveness of various laser jamming techniques in order to improve technical recommendation about platform survivability equipped with DIRCM. The work will be focused on jamming code parameters and associated optical break lock effects. That means the problem must be studied with a global approach from missile flight to jamming code as well as energy collected by seeker and navigation issues during jamming. In accordance with the STO Collaborative Network Operating Procedures (Appendix 3 to Annex IIA), before the end of its second meeting, this task group will agree upon a Minimum Effort Criteria. This Minimum Effort Criteria will identify and measure the minimum contribution of the nations in the area covered by the Technical Team. Members not providing that “minimum effort” will be invited to leave the Technical Team. The member nations have a common interest in DIRCM equipment for the protection of their national aircrafts (either already installed or in the near future). Co-operation will be beneficial to all parties; past experience has already shown that collaboration in this area is both productive and cost-effective.
The objectives for this group are to investigate the relationship of jamming results between laboratory tests and (simulated) missile firing scenarios. With this relationship it is expected to gain knowledge to better predict the (low cost) lab results with respect to the more expensive flight trials or complex missile fly-out simulators. Also a wider range of missile guidance techniques will be investigated with respect to jamming code susceptibility to broaden the list of threats a DIRCM system may be effective against. Thirdly, Closed Loop functionalities of a DIRCM system are not operational yet, however it is assumed by the group members that for future DIRCM systems this functionality may be beneficial to increase the overall DIRCM performance. A study into this subject may lead to a better understanding of the pros and cons of this concept.
As described earlier the group activity will generally address the effectiveness of laser jamming techniques for the IR/EO protection of aircrafts against the IR/EO guided missile threat. In addition, to the effectiveness analysis, the group will also define a set of effectiveness technical criteria measurable in the lab (Hardware in the loop) and/or in the field. This work will use the various expertise tools available among the group members (Hardware in the loop facilities, digital simulations, laboratory of ground facilities, etc).
SCI-302SCI
HFM-277PUBLIC RELEASEAwaiting PublicationRTG2017-12-12T00:00:00Z2022-12-31T00:00:00ZLeadership Tools for Suicide Prevention

1
Best Practices, EvidenceBase, Leadership, Military, Postvention, Prevention, Psychological Fitness, Suicide
The Exploratory Team (ET-103) and Research Task Group (RTG-218) were established in 2009 and 2011 respectively to provide an opportunity for international dialogue on the topic of military suicide across various NATO and Partner for Peace (PfP) nations. Prior to the formation of these groups, there had been no systematic effort across nations to collaboratively examine the public health problem of military suicide and to identify best practices for suicide prevention among Armed Forces and Veterans. The soon to be released 2015 NATO RTG-218 Technical Report provides findings based on a questionnaire completed by representatives of 17 nations on military suicide and prevention endeavours. A series of White Papers have been prepared on topics pertaining to military suicide prevention and a website platform is currently under development at Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in the United States to widely disseminate international literature and content on military suicide. Briefly stated, to date, these NATO groups have accomplished the following objectives: (1) examined surveillance efforts on military suicide across several NATO and PfP nations; (2) advanced understanding of current military suicide prevention gaps as well as best practices; and (3) disseminated information on military suicide prevention based on collaboration and sharing of knowledge across participating nations. However, a sustained effort in addressing the public health problem of military suicide is necessary and additional progress must be made.
(1) To gain an enhanced understanding of the unique needs of leaders in the area of military suicide prevention and the perceived challenges through confidential interviews, focus groups, and surveys (qualitative and quantitative data – mixed methods approach) (2) To prepare a series of decision-making aids and tools in suicide prevention that directly address the stated needs of leaders in the area of military suicide prevention (3) To disseminate gained knowledge and best practices to NATO leadership and members
• Military Leadership and Suicide Prevention • Leadership Attitudes towards Military Suicide Prevention • Perceived Challenges and Organizational Obstacles Pertaining to Military Suicide Prevention • Effective Decision Making and Military Suicide Prevention • Common Errors and Potential Impact on Unit, Morale, and Mission Readiness • Decision Aids and Resources for Military Leadership for Addressing Suicide-Related Events • Recommendations and Best Practices in Military Suicide Prevention, Intervention, and Postvention • Psychological Fitness, Professional Burnout, and Suicide Prevention among Leaders
HFM-277HFM
HFM-281PUBLIC RELEASEAwaiting PublicationRTG2018-09-25T00:00:00Z2023-04-30T00:00:00ZPersonalized Medicine in Mental Health and Performance
1
Biomarkers, Biosensors, Mental Health, Military, Omics, Personalized Medicine, Personalized Performance, Precision Medicine, Precision Performance
The medical field is committed to delivering evidence-based care, but the evidence used is often from population-wide studies that does not always allow for tailored approaches reflective of an individual patient’s biological makeup, history, and responses to environmental factors. This may contribute to less than optimal prevention strategies, diagnostics, and responses to treatments. However, there have been great advances in some areas of medicine such as oncology that use Precision Medicine to customize treatment approaches based on an individual patient’s profile in the context of evidence-based care. The use of Precision Medicine will ultimately have a positive impact on military readiness and performance. For the purposes of this Research Task Group (RTG), the focus is on Precision Health and Performance as an approach that takes into account and when possible exploits/leverages people’s individual variations in biological makeup, history, environment and lifestyle for disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment as well as optimization of military performance. Precision Health and Performance is the result of a convergence of transformative technological advancements that are all reaching a sufficient level of technical maturation such as biomarkers, wearable technologies, and big data analytics. The Exploratory Team (ET) concluded that the breadth, required expertise, and amount of material to be covered in Precision Health and Performance would be too large in scope for one RTG. As a result, based on the expertise resident among the ET members, the pervasiveness of Mental Health issues across military members, and the potential impact of Precision Medicine on Mental Health issues, it is proposed that the initial RTG is focused on the impact of Precision Health and Performance on Mental Health and the relationship of Mental Health to Military performance. The ET further recognizes that additional RTG(s) focused on other aspects of Precision Health and Performance may be of particular importance to the HFM Panel. This RTG will address the 2016 NATO S&T Priority “Advanced Human Performance and Health” in the following areas: Human Resiliency, Medical Solutions for Health Optimization, and Enhanced Cognitive Performance. In addition, this RTG will address other NATO S&T Areas to include Big Data & Long Data Processing and Analysis, and Sensor Integration & Networks. This RTG will also coordinate with relevant on-going activities: ET-137 Leveraging Technologies in Psychiatry, ET-150 Reducing Musculo-skeletal Injuries, and HFM-RTG-260 Wearable Sensors. The outcome of this RTG will be identification of cutting-edge precision medicine techniques that will lead to improvements in how NATO member nations provide Mental Health problem prevention, diagnoses, and treatment as well as improvements in Mental Health aspects (e.g., focused concentration, mental endurance) related to Military-relevant mission performance. The end result will be improved military readiness and performance during the full spectrum of military operations.
The main objective is to harness and encourage new advances in personalized approaches to optimize: 1) mental health, including ensuring medical readiness, prevention/diagnosis/treatment of disorders, and return to duty; and 2) mental health aspects related to military-relevant mission performance.
1) Early exploitation of: a) Individual genetic reactions to pharmacological interventions (pharmacogenomics) - review and evaluate existing evidence for potential immediate application (ex: genetic markers that predict the efficacy and tolerance of psychotropic and analgesic medications) b) Databases (e.g., follow oncology example) – deeper analysis of existing databases would allow for predictive models to be created on issues such as response to treatments, withdrawal from treatment, etc. 2) Use a Systems Biology approach for prevention, diagnosis, treatment of psychological injury/illness. For example, use biomarkers (e.g., omics, data analysis, imaging, sample banking, phenotypical data, contextual/environmental data) as tools for 1) targeted prevention/intervention strategies based on personalized stratified risk, 2) objective diagnosis, 3) targeted treatment choices. Explore whether Systems Biology approaches may be able to identify mental and cognitive fitness characteristics within individuals. 3) Develop and exploit the predictive ability of emerging technologies, science, data, and models (e.g., machine learning) in order to identify the risk for adverse mental health outcomes and the opportunities to optimize mental health aspects of performance. 4) Maximize the convergence of sciences to capitalize on multiple disciplines in the life sciences, physical sciences and engineering to prevent psychological injury/illness and optimize performance by leveraging perspectives from clinicians, researchers, and engineers. 5) Assess the feasibility of utilizing real-time and continuous physiological and psychological status monitoring and feedback in military settings (coordinated with HFM-260 Wearable Biosensors). 6) Recommend approaches to develop databases/registries that would guide precise interventions. Encourage nations to share data to allow for analyses that are important for each nation.
HFM-281HFM
SAS-124PUBLIC RELEASEAwaiting PublicationRTG2016-09-01T00:00:00Z2023-03-31T00:00:00ZVisualization Design for Communicating Defence Investment Uncertainty and Risk1
investment planning, risk, risk management, uncertainty, visual analytics, visualization
Uncertainty and risk both affect decision making regarding defence investment, but they are notoriously difficult to communicate. Uncertainties arise in measurements, problem solving (e.g., simplifying assumptions), and in the act of communication itself. Risk has two components (likelihood and consequence) that are both subject to the sources of uncertainties mentioned above. This RTG will collect useful visualizations that can help analysts communicate difficult concepts and analyses to decision makers.
To develop a visualization design framework for effectively communicating defence investment uncertainty and risk to decision-makers.
1. Determining decision-support requirements - Collect the decision-makers’ and analysts’ requirements to aggregate and communicate defence investment uncertainty and risk. 2. Collection techniques could include surveys, literature reviews, interviews, etc. - Identify the key risk categories, e.g. financial, operational, schedule, cultural, etc., and their interdependencies. This will lead to an understanding of the areas where it has traditionally proved difficult or impossible to represent, or to interpret, uncertainty and risk. 3. Translating requirements into a visual analytics framework - Convert the decision-support requirements into visualization tasks using the Brehmer and Munzner multi-level abstract visualization typology. - Categorize tasks as exploratory, explanatory, or both. An exploratory task is a task that enables an analyst to effectively explore the data, whereas an explanatory task is a task that enables an analyst to effectively communicate information with decision-makers. - Considering state-of-the-art, and best, practices, develop visualization options for exploratory and explanatory visualization tasks. - Develop criteria to evaluate and understand the trade-offs between different visualization options. The criteria should consider factors such as: o data requirements; o software requirements (e.g. Tableau, Spotfire, d3.js, etc.) o complexities involved in data transformation (for example dimensionality reduction); o the effectiveness of visual representation and interactive visualization techniques (for example use of colour, brushing and linking); and o the ability to facilitate the generation of new insights. - Develop a process model that shows how the visualization tasks can be combined and used to effectively support strategic investment decisions. 4. Demonstrating the framework - Demonstrate how the visual analytics framework could be used via strategic investment questions, such as: o How do different defence budget scenarios impact operational risk? o How does uncertainty in cost escalation and foreign exchange rate exposure impact defence purchasing power? o How does the cancellation of a major investment programme impact operational risk and risks to associated projects?
SAS-124SAS
HFM-274PUBLIC RELEASEAwaiting PublicationRTG2018-10-31T00:00:00Z2023-06-30T00:00:00ZThe Impact of Hypobaric Exposure on Aviators and High-Altitude Special Operations Personnel

1
Aircrew, Decompression Sickness, Hypobaric
The 300% increased incidence of neurological decompression sickness (NDCS) in USAF U-2 pilots, attributed to increased U-2 employment during the recent SWA engagements, led to USAF/SG sponsored research that demonstrated subcortical brain injury believed related to non-hypoxic hypobaric exposure in both U-2 pilots and inside safety monitors for altitude chamber training. Furthermore, clinical symptoms were found to be a poor indicator of the brain injury occurring. On computer-based neurocognitive testing U-2 pilots demonstrated a slowing of executive processing when compared to USAF pilot controls; specifically, this reduced performance was in the realms of memory, reasoning and calculation, and information processing speed and accuracy on the computer-based testing although no clinical symptoms were detected. As similar findings were present in both U-2 pilots (a USAF-unique asset) and in hypobaric operators (a NATO-wide asset), this raised international concerns regarding the current and long-term impact of standard military operational procedures across multiple platforms on cognitive abilities. As a consequence the USAF has (1) modified operational procedures and U-2 cockpits; (2) funded a follow-on study examining routine aircrew occupational training exposures in altitude chambers; and (3) pursued a relevant animal model to further understand the pathophysiology underlying this brain injury. Additionally the United Kingdom and Norway are pursuing their own research while simultaneously expanded Department of Defense (DoD) and NASA participation is under development. The hypobaric aerospace environment will remain an important domain for NATO operations for the foreseeable future. Lacking a clear understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, any operational adaptations such as those already implemented by the USAF represent “expert consensus” rather than accurate scientific knowledge. Synergizing research efforts will facilitate a more rapid and fiscally responsive understanding of this human factors challenge and a more rational and economical adaptation of equipment and operating procedures, optimizing operational capabilities while appropriately protecting NATO personnel. After the first meeting of the NATO ET-138 group, there was consensus that our 8-country member team was already in the process of, or about to implement, hypobaric related studies in both humans and animals. There was unanimous concern for understanding the pathophysiology of hypobaric exposure related brain injury in order to prevent or mitigate its effects in our aircrew and special operations personnel. There was unanimous support for continuing with a research program after completion of our ET-138 year. All agree that determining the scope of the problem, defining pathophysiology of white matter injury, and developing relevant exposure guidelines in aircrew and aerospace altitude chamber physiology personnel as well as special operations forces operating at high altitudes could not be completed in one year on an exploratory team.
The Objective of this research group is to identify and define an operational structure that will address S&T issues such as: (1) Understanding the scope of the problem in various career fields (2) Defining the underlying pathophysiology through: a. Demographic and genomic studies b. Basic and applied research (3) Rapidly share and disseminate findings from all member nations and make recommendations for additional research or operational changes (4) Coordinate research efforts to avoid duplication and to enhance synergy (5) Contribute to risk assessment and recommend potential operational limitations for injury mitigation (6) Recommend optimally effective prevention and/or treatment protocols
(1) Identify the prevalence of WMHs and other evidence of white matter injury in various career fields exposed to hypobaria (2) Identify the fundamental underlying pathophysiology (3) Develop an animal model(s) and protocols for hypobaric exposure (4) Recommend relevant exposure guidelines.
HFM-274HFM
SET-238OtherAwaiting PublicationRTG2016-04-05T00:00:00Z2020-04-05T00:00:00ZSide-Attack Threat Detection Strategies, Technologies and Techniques

1
data processing, detection, Explosively Formed Penetrator (EFP), Improvised Explosive Device (IED), off-route, route clearance, sensors, Side attack
Convoy ambush along routes with side-attack mines and weapons such as conventional and improvised Explosively Formed Penetrators (EFPs) can be extremely lethal to modern forces. Their use is not limited to ground vehicles generally along routes and urban settings. Their detection is difficult and several attempts at devising robust detection technologies have not prevailed. No previous STO activity has been identified as being a focus directed activity, though several detection technologies investigated in demonstrations and tests by the SCI-193 and SCI-256 Task Groups have an application for detecting side-attack weapons such as EFPs. SCI-286 “Technology Roadmaps Towards Standoff Detection in Route Clearance” is complementary and non-duplicative activity to the proposed SET Task Group. Capability solutions are consistent with the NATO military Counter Improvised Explosive Device (C-IED) missions, i.e., Long Term Aspects LTA.2011.16 and the Defence Against Terrorism DAT #4
The objectives for the Technical Team are to broadly identify current capability gaps in detection technologies and identify promising technologies that address detection of side-attack weapons in the context of route clearance operations. The creation of a few plausible scenarios definitions, (expanding route clearance into road sides) leveraging NATO STO SCI-256 ‘Route Threat Detection and Clearance Technologies’, SCI-ET-011 (Technology Roadmaps for Future Route Clearance Capability) and liaison with military stakeholders increases the validity and utility of potential strategies, technologies and techniques. The Technical Team will establish threat definition(s), produce threat design(s) for reference target (surrogate) fabrication and to include these surrogates in subsequent national data collections and report findings.
Exchange views and perspectives concerning roadside or side-attack and off-route threats and situations where the threat is likely to negatively affect the alliance; develop an understanding of the scope and classification of off-route explosive hazard threats; share relevant information and current detection and mitigation technology research programs and their objectives and results (platforms, sensors and algorithmic techniques). The Technical Team will consider data exchange and experiment schedule for technology application and workshop [joint military & S&T to understand the off-route threat] (Panel presentation, round table, military presentations on how they address and define side-attack threat).
SET-238SET
SET-249OtherAwaiting PublicationRTG2017-03-09T00:00:00Z2023-01-31T00:00:00ZLaser Eye Dazzle Threat Evaluation and Impact on Human Performance1
eye simulator, glare, handheld lasers, laser dazzling, Laser sources, optical scatter, visual model, visual performance
The outcome of SET198 research activities ("Visible Laser Dazzle – Effects and Protection") provides a firm basis in understanding the impact of laser dazzle on the visual performance of humans. That was achieved through computer eye modeling on one hand and their experimental validation by means of image exploitation of dazzled camera images and dazzle campaigns with human test candidates on the other hand. Moreover the impact of laser dazzling of humans on the accomplishment of tasks was studied in different scenarios to learn more about effective dazzling distances, regarding the potential of a specific laser source as well as the dazzled individual. Today, the number of dazzle events and laser attacks carried out with commercially available, compact and powerful laser sources such as “laser pointers” is steadily increasing. Thus, in order to achieve a deeper understanding of the impact of glare on task related experiments (i.e. visual impairment) caused by laser eye-dazzle, the dazzling pattern on the retina shall be evaluated by computer simulations and the perception by task performance studies. Since it is often difficult to perform tests on humans and to learn solely from such tests it is of great advantage to set up and to study dazzling by means of an eyelike camera working as a kind of an artificial eye. The sole availability of protection measures will not be enough to counter that threat. In order to feel safe or act safely in hazardous areas, an interaction of protection measures, rules of engagement and background knowledge is essential.
Two main axes of investigations are proposed: (1) Current existing eye models shall be improved in order to simulate more realistic dazzling patterns on the retina. That will also give input for an artificial eye-camera which will be designed; (2) In addition to the described visual performance degradation, it is important to understand the influence of dazzling on humans regarding dedicated task performance tests. Results may be compared with predicted distance values gained from a theoretical model (NODD, Nominal Optical Dazzle Distance). It is of further importance to evaluate in which way all these results are influenced when it is not the naked eye that is dazzled, but when protection goggles or magnifying optics are used. In the latter case it is of particular interest to find the conditions under which safe dazzling can be realized.
- Conduct task performance tests of humans under dazzle impact without eye-protection, with standard eye-protection (e.g. ballistic goggles) and dazzle protection - Improvement of current eye-dazzle-models - Design of an eye-camera to mimic the optical effects of laser dazzling of the human eye - Safe laser dazzling when magnifying optics are used - Evaluate the dazzling potential of novel laser sources, e.g. white light lasers Additional topics are: - Protection measures - Scatter of canopies/windshields - Joint field trial
SET-249SET
SCI-287OtherActiveRTG2016-01-20T00:00:00Z2022-12-31T00:00:00ZAssessment Methods for Camouflage in Operational Context

1
Camouflage Systems, Coalition Forces, Effectiveness, Environmental Factors, Interoperability, Mobile Camouflage, Multispectral, Operational Scenarios, Performance Evaluation, Performance Requirements, RSTA Sensors, Signature management, Test and Evaluation Procedures
In the evaluation and design of camouflage systems the military operational context currently plays a small role, whereas it is crucial to assess the performance of these systems in military practice. For instance, most evaluations are performed in a controlled and static setting while dynamic environmental aspects are largely ignored. In some circumstances the added value of camouflage will be marginal (e.g. in dense forest) while in other situations camouflage can make an important contribution to survivability. It would be prudent to opt for camouflage that is adapted to enhancing survivability. Such aspects should be part of the evaluation procedure and incorporated into models that seek to predict performance in a military context. Also, it is not clear how improved performance measured during evaluation translate to the added benefit when used in military operations. A first step towards good understanding of camouflage effectiveness in operational scenarios has been made by SCI-212 that identified the military requirements for camouflage systems. Their study showed that the evaluation of camouflaged targets in a tactical operational setting proves to be difficult. We intend to investigate new assessment methods that take military strategies and context into account. We will investigate the application of wargaming (e.g. VBS) and simulation tools to the evaluation of camouflage systems. We expect that this approach will allow us to account for the operational and dynamic aspects, as well the variability in context for different scenarios. Some aspects will require highly realistic simulations. We will therefore investigate and evaluate the use of photorealistic simulation and gaming. The wargaming context may be enhanced by embedding real sensor recordings, possibly originating from earlier studies and other recorded material (e.g. SCI-212). We will investigate the possibility of validating the results with the outcome of field trials (existing material or from collaboration with other (NATO) research involving field trials). A crucial aspect is the use of realistic operational scenarios, so a set of critical scenarios and contexts will be established in interaction with military experts, on which the evaluation will be based (such as ambush, patrol and hasty defence).
The main objective of the TG is to investigate and verify recommended techniques for incorporating the operational context in camouflage assessment and requirement analysis. Interfaces between different existing software packages will be incorporated into a framework for assessing camouflage utitlity at different levels. This study should lead to evaluation methods that are able of capturing the operational context including time dependent factors and aspects such as variation in weather conditions, seasonal variations, movement, tactical use of equipment, adaptive camouflage, operating theatre, spectrally designed materials and lighting conditions. The focus will lie on personal camouflage and camouflage systems for vehicles in visual, near infrared and thermal infrared spectral regions. Radar signatures might also be taken into consideration. Here we will focus on the application of these new methods (e.g. wargaming, physics based models, photo-realistic simulation, and models of operational effectiveness, morphological analysis) to the assessment of existing camouflage techniques also in time depending conditions. We expect these techniques to be highly useful for the investigation and development of future camouflage concepts (e.g. adaptive camouflage, see SCI-230). Results and methods from SCI-230, SCI-212 and SCI-219 will be utilized in this project.
• Analysis of various (time dependent) factors including weather conditions, seasonal variations, movement, use of equipment, operating theatre and lighting conditions. • Define proper measures of effectiveness • Interfaces between modelling and simulation tools at different levels • Generation of scenes for typical vignettes • Degree of (photo)realism of simulations required for different applications. • Use of wargaming for evaluation and requirement analysis of camouflage. • Models of operational effectiveness (e.g. IWARS). • Morphological analysis on benefits of camouflage when used in a military operation • Organize workshop with invited military
SCI-287SCI
SCI-294OtherAwaiting PublicationRTG2016-04-11T00:00:00Z2022-12-31T00:00:00ZDemonstration and Research of Effects of RF Directed Energy Weapons on Electronically Controlled Vehicles, Vessels and UAVs


1
C-UAV, Directed Energy Weapons (DEW), Engine Stopping, High-Power Electromagnetics, IEMI, Non-Lethal Weapons (NLW), Radio Frequency (RF)
This is a long standing activity under SCI panel that was initiated in 1989 as NATO research study groups under the former Defence Research Group (DRG) and the current Science and Technology Organization (STO), and has conducted research concerning the threat imposed by RF Directed Energy Weapons (RFDEW) to military as well as civilian infrastructure. Very good progress has been made to date with the most recent program of the SCI-250 Task Group (TG) entitled RFDEW in Tactical Scenarios. During the SCI-250 TG, trials were conducted and effects were demonstrated on a variety of configurations including C4I military infrastructure, UAV, and limited engine stopping. The focus of the SCI-250 TG was critical infrastructure facilities and associated electronics. The output of the SCI-250 TG will be a demonstration video, a final report, and a recommendation to produce a NATO RFDEW test standard, which will inform senior stake holders about the use and the potential that RFDEW /NLW capabilities can offer to the military operations. The main aim of this new task group is to conduct testing and analysis of RFDEW effects on electronically controlled vehicles, vessels, UAVs. This will provide NATO allies with a good appreciation of the potential capability of RFDEW for this particular non-lethal weapon application. RFDEW have the potential to non-lethally stop vehicles and vessels to provide an additional option in the escalation of force and assist in determining intent of potential threats. This capability could be employed at NATO facilities as part of a force protection package. The main thrust of the TG effort will be vehicle and vessel stopping, and UAV vehicles will lead to quantitative investigations of the effectiveness of RFDEW. For example, a quantitative investigation of the impacts of RFDEW on UAV engine controls could also be pursued. As the above investigations are carried out, the TG will also investigate the Counter-DEW issues associated with these RF effects on NATO platforms. In addition, in order to facilitate the ability of stakeholders to assess the operational effectiveness of RFDEW capabilities, it is important that consistent test procedures are utilized in the various trails that are conducted during the course of this and future TGs. Thus, this TG will also be responsible for developing a NATO RFDEW Test Standard to support testing and the evaluation of military utility.
Research, develop, test and demonstrate the utility of electromagnetic effects on mobile systems (e.g. vehicles, vessels and UAVs) with RF DEW systems. Study and increase awareness of RFDEW effectiveness, using a common set of test measurement procedures and equipment and conduct these tests and demonstrations in a representative environment against an intelligence-based (regionalized) high priority target-set. Note: Target sets may vary by region and target priority and this variation does effect the most optimum selection of the RF waveform and thus RFDEW source. Investigate the RFDEW threat, to include the detection of RFDEW attack. And investigate the possibility of countermeasures being employed to mitigate the impact of RFDEW on the studied targets. DELIVERABLES Live demonstration(s) of RFDEW effect against relevant mobile system threats, An evaluation of the NATO RFDEW Test Procedures to support testing and the evaluation of military utility, An RFDEW threat assessment with a discussion of the potential for RFDEW countermeasures Final report summarizing testing against mobile system threats to NATO operations, utility assessment for mobile system stopping support to NATO operations, and outputs of RFDEW research efforts and M&S studies. Final briefing that will discuss the output of the TG, including the RFDEW effectiveness quantitatively analyzed and demonstrated in testing, the concept of employment for their use, and a discussion of the potential and limitations of RFDEW to support military operations.
• Evaluate relevant (regionalized) mobile system threats that may be encountered during NATO operations, • Research the effect mechanism of RFDEW electronic control unit disruption, perform associated electromagnetic Modeling and Simulation (M&S) of RF coupling, examine differences in electronic vulnerability, assess different RFDEW technology classes and their application for mobile system stopping (includes using an agreed upon set of test procedures and test equipment), • Development of Concepts of Employment for RFDEW mobile systems stopping in NATO. Examine the electromagnetic spectrum management, system safety and other requirements for employment of RFDEW. Investigate impacts to NATO vehicle/vessel platforms that could potentially be used to employ RFDEW and associated collateral damage effects to NATO communications or navigation equipment on these platforms, • Investigate the RFDEW mobile system stopping design trade space between the desired military mission, the required effective radiated power, prime power and power conditioning, and thermal management requirements, optimum RF/HPM antenna and beam steering designs, and overall operational utility. • Information exchange on the RFDEW systems to enhance mutual awareness.
SCI-294SCI
SCI-282OtherAwaiting PublicationRTG2015-05-01T00:00:00Z2019-05-01T00:00:00ZCountermeasures Against Anti-Aircraft EO/IR Imaging Seeker Threats

0
Digital Simulations, DIRCM, Dual band imaging, EO/IR CM/CCM, EO/IR imaging Missiles, Field trials, HWIL, Imaging Seeker Surrogate, Laser, Missile, Self protection, Versatile Tracking System
Infrared and electro-optically (EO/IR) guided missiles continue to increase in complexity, capability and diversity, and pose an increasing threat to aircrafts. Developments in infrared and electro-optical technology have led to EO/IR imaging seekers with far improved capabilities to reject conventional countermeasures. These EO/IR imaging missiles are already used in the most advanced armed forces (US, UK, EU, Israel, etc.). The first generation of these EO/IR imaging missiles (line scanning - single/dual band imaging) entered into service in the late 90s in air to air configurations and the second generation (focal plane array - single band) entered into service in the mid 2000s. This second generation is believed to be used both for air to air and surface to air application (including MAN Portable Air Defense Systems or MANPADS). With the development of asymmetric warfare over the last decades where the use of these MANPADS becomes highly unpredictable and unconventional, in terms of location, operation and selection of targets, there is a real risk that in one or two decades from now, terrorists and insurgents may have access to some of these EO/IR imaging missiles which will drastically increase their threatening level. Therefore, in anticipation to this, new countermeasure concepts and methods have to be developed and evaluated. The new proposed activity will be based on the achievements of SCI-139, SCI-192 and SCI-239. SCI-139 has made the tools and techniques available to evaluate and test countermeasure concepts: Fly-In for digital simulations and the Imaging Seeker Surrogate (ISS) for seeker hardware simulation. Then SCI-192 has tested the implementation of an IRCM strategy at a very preliminary stage through Fly-In missile engagement simulation studies and by participating in NATO field trials to verify IRCM effectiveness. The SCI-192 activity led to the general conclusion that there is a real technological rupture between the current proliferating non imaging missiles and the arising imaging missiles in terms of IRCCM capabilities (capabilities to resist to IR countermeasures). To face this technological rupture, far more sophisticated IRCM techniques need to be anticipated. During the last SCI-239 activity, through the extensive use of the Fly-In digital simulation 2 or 3 promising IRCM techniques were identified for each type of aircraft (Fast Jet, Transport and Helo). By this way it was demonstrated that the most effective techniques were obtained by the combined use of flares and DIRCM. In addition, a second family of tracking algorithm was implemented in real time in the ISS through a more flexible and powerful programming tool called the Versatile Tracking System (VTS). The next envisaged activity will be to turn the IRCM concepts into applicable IRCM techniques tested in the fields and to extend the activity to the third generation of imaging seekers using dual color images in the EO/IR domain. This work will enable the NATO community involved in protecting aircraft against anti-aircraft missiles to understand where the best options for IRCM against imaging seekers will be and thus allowing them to prepare for the future. The member nations all have programs to study the protection of the various platforms mentioned above. Co-operation will be very beneficial to all parties; past experience has already shown that collaboration in this area is both productive and cost-effective.
In the context previously described, it is envisaged: - to go one step further in the identification of IRCM techniques against the second generation of imaging seekers by : - checking the technological feasibility of the identified IRCM techniques and the practical implementation of these techniques on aircrafts, - when relevant refining the IRCM techniques and/or identifying new techniques, - demonstrating the effectiveness of these IRCM techniques in the lab in front of the ISS (using dedicated HWIL facilities available among the group members), - through the fruitful cooperation with the NATO AGIII/SG2, taking the opportunity to demonstrate at least partially the effectiveness of these techniques in the fields on NATO aircrafts making best use of their self protection suite capabilities (in particular IRCM techniques combining flares and DIRCM), - implementing new tracking algorithm families to confirm the effectiveness and/or to reinforce the robustness of the identified IRCM techniques, - to extend the range of the covered threats to the third generation of imaging seekers using dual color images in the EO/IR domain by : - acquiring during field trials a suitable database of dual band sequences of images, - assessing through the use of digital simulations promising dual band image association able to reject countermeasures - giving preliminary recommendations on the extra CM capabilities needed to cover this third generation of imaging seekers, - to support as far as possible through the use of visible imaging sensors the AGIII/SG2 effort to counter missile threats using CCM in the visible domain.
• Assessment of the potential CCM capabilities of the arising EO/IR imaging missile threat (in particular for the 3rd gen) • Implementation of new tracking algorithms in the FLY-IN simulation; • Digital simulations for identifying promising EO/IR CM concepts applicable to the various types of NATO aircrafts using Fly-In and/or any other suitable tool (Iidat, etc.) • Demonstration of the effectiveness of these EO/IR CM concepts against the Imaging Seeker Surrogate (ISS) in laboratory • As far as possible and based on the opportunities offered by NATO AGIII/SG2 field test demonstration of real IRCM techniques
SCI-282SCI
SET-220OtherAwaiting PublicationRTG2015-04-20T00:00:00Z2018-04-20T00:00:00ZGeospatial Information Extraction from Space-Borne SAR-Images for NATO-Operations0
Change Detection, GEOINT, IMINT, IPB, Reconnaissance, SAR Satellite Sensors, Unified Vision 2014
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems on space-borne platforms can provide very useful information for reconnaissance and surveillance purposes. Corresponding geoinformation is essential for decision making of military leaders concerning situation assessment in crises, conflicts, peace keeping missions or war. The information collection with space-borne SAR-systems operating at microwave frequencies is independent on day- and night-time, nearly independent on adverse weather conditions. Additionally the use of sensors on satellite platforms is internationally accepted as a nonintrusive method. Since 2007 mainly three space-borne SAR-missions (Radarsat 2, COSMO-SkyMed, TerraSAR-X) are operating very successfully in C- and X-band at spatial resolutions between 1 m and 3 m. All the systems together are capable to acquire about 100.000 images per year. Especially interesting is COSMO-SkyMed which forms with its 4 satellites a constellation and can achieve a corresponding shorter revisit time. The research work carried out in this group is therefore focused on the extraction of geospatial intelligence and show its relevance for NATO operations in the following subjects: generation of digital elevation and surface models, targets detection, recognition, and identification, and detection of changes. NATO doesn’t use the potential the moment available, already existing images of existing commercial SAR missions
The group wants to show in the frame of NATO trials such as Unified Vision the potential of extracted geospatial information using space-borne SAR sensors. The specific goals are: • Contribution to the intelligence preparation of the battle space (IPB) • Demonstration of SAR-capabilities for reconnaissance purposes during the NATO trial Unified Vision 2014 • Integration of the extracted geospatial information into an interoperable environment (e. g. CSD) • Application of the lessons learned to Unified Vision 2016
The following main topics are covered: • Data collection with space-borne SAR-sensors (COSMO-SkyMed, TerraSAR-X, and Radarsat 2) for IPB and during the trials • Enhancement of formerly developed algorithms for the generation of intelligence relevantinformationlayers (e. g. DEMs, DSMs, activity maps ,hydrology, land use including infrastructure, …) • Monitoring changes during the trials (e. g. displacement of relevant objects. …) for a more efficient ISR asset mission planning. • Adaption of the information extraction process to an operational environment
SET-220SET
SCI-304OtherActiveRTG2018-05-24T00:00:00Z2024-05-24T00:00:00ZOptimised and Reconfigurable Antennas for Future Vehichle Electronic Counter Measures
multipurpose jamming, optimized jamming, platform integration, reconfigurable antennas, Vehicular ECM antennas
Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices (RCIEDs) are a serious threat to the safety and security of military personnel for many NATO nations. The threat of RCIEDs can be significantly reduced through the use of Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) systems that prevent initiating signals from getting through to the receiver, thereby preventing detonation. ECM provides a mission critical capability for military forces against a threat technology which is becoming ever more technically advanced. This means that NATO nations are continuously looking to improve ECM coverage. Detailed specifications for future national ECM systems are currently under consideration, with the NATO Team of Experts (ToE) on ECM for RCIEDs functioning as a high level forum for this topic. Within the ECM 'enterprise', the significant development and testing efforts that are typically undertaken to optimize techniques and waveforms should extend to antennas and their configuration, to lead to optimized coverage. To date, almost all ECM antennas deployed are monopoles/dipoles which are mounted vertically on top of vehicles which can easily lead to negative effects. Co-existence with communications antennas creates more issues. Furthermore, many commercially available ECM antennas were developed using communications requirements, even though those requirements are fundamentally different. The ToE on ECM for RCIEDs identified the need to improve the knowledge on new types of antennas and new configurations such as optimized antennas integrated in/around the structure of the vehicle or reconfigurable antennas considerably. This RTG is formed to overcome this knowledge gap and to cope with the scale of the technical challenges. This RTG will co-operate with more focused activities to establish the most appropriate technical solutions.
This RTG aims to comprehensively improve the current state of technology readiness for practical antenna implementations for vehicle deployed ECM: • Establish in detail the feasibility, performance improvements and limitations of optimised, integrated, and reconfigurable antenna designs for future vehicular ECM systems. This should bring the following achievements: • Innovative and optimized ECM antennas • Better understanding of limitations (of current and future ECM systems) • Significantly improved NATO vehicular jamming / ECM capabilities
At the time of writing, no specialized technical design for ECM antennas exists. To achieve the scientific objectives and expected achievements, the task group will study the following areas: • Exhaustive listing of all required characteristics of the Rx and Tx ECM antenna system: frequency range(s), polarisation, coverage areas, radiation patterns, power handling, etc. • Investigate potential performance advantages through separating the Tx and Rx antenna architectures (e.g., roof-mounted wideband omnidirectional antennas to maximize receive power and multiple directive antennas for transmit). - Efficient spatial spreading of the ECM power to focus toward the potential threat area - Isolation between multiple systems (reduce strong mutual coupling effects) - Static configuration of antenna radiation patterns (e.g., unable to reconfigure the antenna if required) - Reduction of proportion of power being reflected from the terminal or being dissipated in the antenna structure - Cope with limited roof area and mechanical limitations • Investigate designs and techniques for reconfigurable antennas for vehicle platforms, considering all platform-related structural constraints (mechanical, electrical, etc.). • Review of all potential antenna system candidates meeting the antenna requirements. • Accurate electromagnetic modelling of candidate antennas in free space and on installed platform as appropriate. This will include both near and far field analysis • Possible benchmarking and comparison of simulated antennas on the platforms by different electromagnetic solvers • Prototyping, measuring and demonstrating the best antenna solution(s) on various land platforms. • Detailed literature reviews will be conducted frequently. Platform effects are also a key consideration on RF delivery performance. Typically, as a platform becomes electrically larger, interaction effects between the platform and omnidirectional antennas will increase which is a further contributing factor to inefficiencies in RF power delivery. The study will wholly define the nature of the antennas, the concepts to be taken forward and the likely numbers necessary. Detailed system level requirements will be considered to avoid compromising ECM system performance through the design or placement of any alternative antenna configuration.
(no title)SCI
MSG-155PUBLIC RELEASEActiveRTG2017-08-21T00:00:00Z2020-08-20T00:00:00ZData Farming Services (DFS) for Analysis and Simulation-Based Decision Support
Collaboration, Connected Forces, Cyber Defence, Data Farming, Decision Support, Modeling, MSG, MSG155, Resource Allocation, Simulation, Training Systems
The methods and processes of Data Farming have been developed in the six areas of model development, rapid prototyping of scenarios, design of experiments, high performance computing, analysis and visualization of large simulation data output, and collaborative processes. These six domains of Data Farming have been documented as part of the work of the MSG-088 Task Group that codified the data farming concept. In addition, the follow-on MSG-124 Task Group turned the concept into actionable data farming decision support in part by developing a cyber simulation model and a decision support tool. These activities have proven Data Farming ready for application and implementation. Now Data Farming can be made accessible and usable by NATO through MSG-155 efforts to develop the groundwork for analysis and simulation-based decision support.
Through co-operation among Alliance bodies, NATO member nations and partner nations participating in this task group, the overall goal is to establish the effective utilisation of data farming within appropriate areas of application using decision support tools for the ultimate purpose to assist NATO decision makers. The general objective of this Task Group is to extend data farming capability and accessibility through developing Data Farming Services (DFS) in accordance with the Modelling as a Service concept (NMSG 136) for analysis, wargaming, other simulation-based decision support, and training. The specific objective is to develop a road map for what needs to be done in order for NATO to provide DFS. This road map would show the way for developing a technical concept for DFS through an integrated toolset. Additionally, the work would produce and refine technical prototypes useful for implementation of the road map. DFS would support the application and execution of the Data Farming process as codified in MSG-088 and as applied in MSG-124 in a mature, productive and user-friendly way. The architecture of DFS would consider recommendations of the NATO MSG-136 Task Group “Modelling and Simulation as a Service” where appropriate. The intent is for DFS to support many different application use case areas for data farming. Some possible use cases, or branches emanating from the core data farming capabilities, are listed in the topics to be covered.
A common core for data farming services beyond that codified in MSG-088 and applied in MSG-124 would be developed. This common core allows processing M&S applications across the spectrum of NATO needs. The advanced simulation service capability includes developing the groundwork for DFS through efforts in each of the six data farming domains. In order to develop a Data Farming core service that will support the road map, this work is broken down into the separate data farming domains as follows: 1. Rapid Scenario Prototyping: Scenario definition and adaption may be supported independently of a specific simulation model by providing, for example, scenario editors supporting SISO-standards. 2. Model Development: The creation of models is performed outside of the core. DFS would provide generic I/O interfaces to support service based integration of existing models. 3. Design of Experiments (DOE): Different available DOE need to be available within the core toolset. In addition it might be valuable to support optimization approaches in conjunction with fixed DOEs. 4. High Performance Computing (HPC): The Data Farming core needs to provide a generic service approach to handle different HPC systems. 5. Analysis and Visualization: The DFTOP prototype of MSG-124 is to be integrated, enhanced and further developed as well as to implement new innovative approaches such as techniques of the big data computation area. 6. Collaboration: A process description for Data Farming experiments within M&S process and MaaS standards, e.g. DSEEP, needs to be developed.
(no title)MSG
HFM-294PUBLIC RELEASEAwaiting PublicationRTG2018-04-04T00:00:00Z2023-09-15T00:00:00ZBig Data In The Military: Integrating Genomics into the Pipeline of Standard-care Testing & Treatment
Big Data, capabilities, computational power, Genomics, health, Military, NextGeneration Sequencing, resilience
The ability to keep up with detection, prevention and treatment of illnesses and/or diseases developed as a result of operational stressors remains one of the biggest challenges to all military forces. The purpose of this RTG is to integrate high-throughput computational power with genomics as a viable tool to implement in military medicine to overcome this challenge. However, generating a global repository of indispensable knowledge from multiple NATO nations is another challenge. The Exploratory Team (ET-155) identified a set of topics, which need to be clearly addressed in order to effectively use this tool (high-throughput computational power with genomics) in a collaborative effort with multiple nations. As a result, it is proposed that the RTG focus on establishing the infrastructure and addressing the major challenges faced with the generation of Big Data on a global scale. Too often we are dealing with the effect and sequelae of operational stress injuries and illnesses, resulting in unnecessary consumed resources and time. Through the use of this tool and with multiple sources of information regarding the effect of operational stressors on a soldier’s health and performance, we are in a position to push the frontiers of military medical research in a short amount of time. The genome linked with health data would provide military medicine the integrative platform whereby mental and physical performance can be examined through an evidence-based approach.
The main goal of this RTG is to prove the feasibility and value with use of high-computational power + genomics as a tool. Therefore the sub- objectives, as per RTG year, are as follows: Year-1 (Oct’17 to Oct’18): Identify and address challenges - October 2017: the RTG will kick-off with a Workshop and will include experts & participating nations only; - October 2017 to March 2018: Establish active committee (team of expertise for high-computational power and genomics) with roles and responsibilities. Year-2 (Oct’18 to Oct’19): Execute a Pilot Study - the tool (high-computational power + genomics) will be tested in a pilot study. The project will be identified at the onset of the RTG and will have a well-defined problem and design. - April 2018: RTG committee will have identified an NATO wide health issue for a pilot study & Human Research Ethics Board approval obtained; - June 2018: RTG committee will convene to discuss the study’s outline, Nation’s roles & responsibilities etc. - October 2018: Pilot study should be launched by this time. - October 2018 to November 2019: Pilot study coming to a close. Year 3 (Oct’19 to Oct’20): Assess the feasibility and value (benefit) - January 2020: Completion of Pilot study (data collection & aggregation, sequencing results etc.) - February 2020 to June 2020: Bioinformatic and clinical analyses of data; - July 2020 to October 2020: Generation of reports.
All the topics to be covered center on the main question: “How To?” We appreciate the complexity of the nature behind this technology and scientific domain and that in order to recognize the benefit or value of this tool, we must first understand the essential driving components and how they must come together in perfect harmony to generate a successful outcome. As such, the ET Team identified four (4) specific topic domains. 1) In Year 1, the following four main topic domains and challenges within will be discussed and addressed: 1: Legal/Ethic – how can we apply this technology for the benefit of our soldiers/military without compromising one’s privacy and ensuring it is ethically sound? What are the legal issues or concerns with employing this tool as a regular methodology for military research and health? 2: Information Technology (IT) – within this domain there are 4 separate yet interconnected areas to be discussed. A) Hosting – B) Security – to which extent and technological expertise (encrypted etc.); C) Sharing of data – with whom and how? D) Bioinformatic Analytics – new methods of analyzing new data sets; mobile platforms collecting data; what powerful analytics are required to link clinical data with other datasets? Data storage + processing, data integration and data interpretation. 3. Genome Medicine – the extent to which this is being applied and how it will apply within a military context; the type of model for the datasets. 4. General/Clinical Medicine – how do we incorporate genomic information with clinical data? What are the privacy issues and how do we maintain one’s privacy? 2) Roles & responsibilities of participating nations - in order to ensure success, each participating nation must take on an active role with specified responsibilities; 3) NATO-wide health issue for pilot study (access to data collection, how, when, where etc.) - this will be discussed as a team with the participating NATO nations.
(no title)HFM
SAS-140OtherActiveRTG2018-03-14T00:00:00Z2023-12-31T00:00:00ZDirected Energy Weapons Concepts and Employment
Acquisition, Capability Development, Concept Development, Deployment, Directed Energy Weapons, Employment, Utility
Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) technologies have reached a high level of readiness and have already demonstrated significant performance as potential force multipliers in various military applications. DEW as an emerging technology has been the subject of the 2012 NATO-SCI-227. This study provided NATO with an overview and scope of the technological capabilities of DEW in the context of a land, air and maritime environment and according to the NATO mission categories, in terms of present, near, mid and far term timelines. SCI-227 clearly showed that DEW may offer new possibilities of employment in military and security operations. Several SCI groups have been involved with technology maturation of High Power Microwaves (HPM), such as SCI-132/198, SCI-232/249, SCI-250 and SCI-294 (on-going). SCI-264 is the first group involved with High Energy Laser (HEL) and its impact on the shared battlefield. However, no activity has yet been defined to explore how all defence Lines of Development should be shaped to enable nations to fully exploit the DEW capability. Hence, NATO and Nations benefit from an enhanced understanding on how to evolve DEW technology into an integrated military capability.
The overall purpose is to provide analytical and operational inputs for a future DEW concept of employment encompassing all defence Lines of Development (such as covered by DOTMLPFI)1. Note that DEW include both HEL and HPM technologies. To that end, the following scientific objectives are pursued: 1. Provide insight in the expected ability of DEW capability to accomplish military goals (exploit). 2. Provide insight in shaping the DOTMLPFI needed to make the DEW capability available (prepare). 3. Share DEW effectiveness assessment methods and metrics. 4. Liaise with the NATO community. The expected knowledge products from this activity are: a. A comparative analysis of the ability to complete the kill chain using DEW compared with the use of conventional weapons. This is done with a representative set of use cases / vignettes set in the 2025 timeframe and set in the 2035 timeframe. Kill chain development will include parametric analysis where sensitive DEW and conventional weapon lethality performance preclude shared datasets. b. An Implementation Handbook covering all defence Lines of Development (DOTMLPFI). Input is provided by an analysis of the impact DEW attributes have on DOTMLPFI. c. A Handbook covering methods and metrics with significance to the assessment of DEW. The Handbook will address benefits, drawbacks and limitations to support Nations wishing to perform their own analysis on DEW applications in specific settings. d. A series of events to engage and inform DEW stakeholders. e. A contribution to NATO DEW community building, including the possibility of cross-panel Workshops.
This activity includes the creation of use cases / vignettes able to support this activity. This is followed by a use case synthesis identifying the main operational drivers whereby an operational commander may choose between DEW and conventional weapons. Additional inputs stem from an analysis into the ability to complete the kill chain using war gaming, experimentation and parametric analysis tools. Key issues with regards to kill chain completion are addressed as focus topics (e.g. impact of man-in-the-loop). This activity includes the identification and characterization of impacts (positive and negative) DEW have on DOTMLPFI, followed by ways to mitigate / exploit these weapons. Key issues with regards to the impacts are addressed as focus topics (e.g. course of action synthesis) and in stakeholder consultations events.
(no title)SAS
SET-260OtherActiveRTG2018-03-05T00:00:00Z2024-03-05T00:00:00ZAssessment of EO/IR Technologies for Detection of Small UAVs in an Urban Environment
Active imaging, Counter Terrorism, detection, Drone, EO, IR, IRST, LIDAR, NIR, Optical Augmentation, UAV, Urban scenarios, VIS
Over the past year, there has been a multiplication of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), optimized for increasing numbers of applications such as commercial surveillance (road patrol, home security, border control, etc.), surveying, filmmaking or simply recreational use. The categories which are highly proliferating are refereed as micro and mini UAVs, with a mass less than 5 kg for the micro and up to 150 kg for the mini UAVs. They can have flight endurance up to 2 hours, a range of operations up to 10 km at a flight altitude below 300 m. The remotely controlled aspect of the UAVs and their payload, that can reach 10 kg, are suitable for hostile activities, such as spying, targeting, etc. As these UAVs become threats, it is important to be able to detect them sufficiently in advance to counter them. Moreover, these UAVs have low radar cross section which represents a challenge for conventional radar technologies. In addition to their small cross-section, these small UAVs could exhibit high relative acceleration and speed which make them harder to track. Passive and active technologies in the infrared, near-infrared and/or visible bands can potentially help detecting UAVs, especially in urban environments where the background is highly non-uniform and is varying over time. An evaluation of the performances of electro-optical and infrared (EO/IR) techniques to sense UAVs in a realistic scenario is required to identify the strength and limitations of the EO/IR technologies. This Research Task Group (RTG) will allow the participating NATO countries to leverage from their national activities in EO/IR detection of UAVs. The main objective for the proposed RTG is to organize a joint field trial where participating nations will acquire and share calibrated signatures of backgrounds and flying UAVs in different optical bands and using different techniques. The results will allow a high level evaluation of the technologies and a sharable databank of calibrated data that will be further used for the development of UAVs tracking and recognition algorithms.
The RTG aims at bringing together experts in EO/IR detection among the NATO community to share knowledge and data on different EO/IR technologies for the detection of mini and micro UAVs in an urban environment. This will be achieved by conducting a joint field trial with different sensor systems and UAVs where measurements of UAV and background signatures will be taken. The RTG will define a data format, minimum metadata and calibration data to be saved prior the trials in order to ensure that the shared data among the participating nations will be exploitable for further development of algorithms and models.
The RTG will create a unique possibility of deploying different EO/IR technologies in a joint trial to collect signature data during the same scenarios and in the same conditions. The technologies to be deployed during the trial will include, but is not limited to: • Active imagery in the SWIR NIR and VIS bands; • Scanning LIDAR; • Passive, Multispectral or Wide band imagery in the LWIR, MWIR, SWIR, NIR and VIS bands.
(no title)SET
AVT-309NATO UNCLASSIFIEDActiveRTG2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2023-12-31T00:00:00ZImplication of Synthetic Fuels on Land Systems and on NATO Single Fuel Policy
Alternative Fuels, Combustion, Conventional Fuels, F24, F34, F35, F44, F54, F63, Fuel Systems, Fuels, Gas Turbines, Internal Combustion Engines, Logistics, Synthetic Fuels
Factors such as concerns over climate change, the finite nature of oil reserves, and concerns over political security in the oil producing regions have triggered a broad effort in the search for new sources and conversion processes to produce alternative fuels. The increasing availability of such alternative fuels, and their mixing with conventional petroleum distillate fuels, have led to a need for NATO member nations to coordinate more closely to evaluate the implications of the synthetic fuels and blends for military vehicles and systems (air, land or naval), as well as operational procedures. In coordination with the NATO Petroleum Committee (PC), this Research Task Group (RTG) will build upon previous “fuel”-related activities of the NATO STO, such as AVT-035 (1999-2002), AVT-ET-076 (2007), AVT-ET-073 (2008), AVT-159 (2008-2011), AVT-ET-128 (2012), AVT-225 (2014-2016), and ET-171 (2016-2017) to evaluate the opportunities and threats posed by emerging synthetic fuels and blends on NATO platforms.
The proposed RTG is recommended by AVT-ET-171 “Technological and Operational Challenges of Using Application of Synthetic Fuels” to address challenges specifically raised through the NATO Petroleum Committee Vision on Future Fuels (revised in 2017). With the conclusion in December 2016 of the predecessor RTG, AVT-225, whose scope covered aviation fuels in air systems, a new task group is required to address the challenges in the land arena and the impact on the NATO Single Fuel Policy.
The main topics to be covered include: • Impact of synthetic drop-in fuels on the operability and performance of land vehicles and systems. • Impact of synthetic drop-in fuels on fuel specifications and properties. • Implication of using approved drop-in aviation synthetic fuels on land systems under the NATO Single Fuel Policy (SFP). • Impact of synthetic drop-in fuels on military or combined civil-military distribution and storage systems (e.g. multiproduct pipelines). • Alignment of military users and requirements with civil approval processes for and supply/usage of new fuels. The final deliverable will be technical report focussing on recommendations to the defence end-user.
(no title)AVT
AVT-310NATO UNCLASSIFIEDActiveRTG2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2022-12-31T00:00:00ZHybrid/Electric Aircraft Design and STAndards , Research and Technology (HEADSTART)
aeropropulsion, aircraft design, annexed technologies, architectures, costs, distributed propulsion, hybridelectric, military, power, signature, systems
The term “hybrid-electric” refers to the adoption of integrated systems based upon advanced electrical machines, power electronics and secondary energy storage. There exist two main categories when it concerns hybridized systems solutions: (1) Non-propulsive including environmental control, flight control, landing gear, ice protection, as well as functions catering for ground manoeuvring and providing emergency power; (2) Propulsive which could allow for enhanced overall propulsion system efficiency. A good measure of activity has been taking place when it concerns civilian application of hybrid/electric propulsion and power systems, e.g. VTOL and fixed-wing aircraft for passenger transportation and for utility drones. In 2017, a dedicated Exploratory Team AVT-ET-173 Hybrid/Electric Propulsion for Airborne Vehicles (HyPAV) is examining the question as to whether this particular subject warrants further attention in the future.
The primary aim of this activity is to establish a team of technical specialists dealing with hybrid/electric propulsion systems, and, based on their expertise a technical report detailing a research and development roadmap leading to a flying testbed/demonstrator programme is envisioned. Initially, brainstorming will take place in order to create a concept cloud of future use cases, which will then be tested for feasibility as the RTG work progresses. Through mutual consensus the RTG will declare taxonometric conventions, standardised schematic symbols of components/sub-systems, architectural parametric descriptors and figures-of-merit, analysis methods according to pre-determined fidelity levels, and, formalised procedures for inter/multi-disciplinary interfacing and optimisation. Based upon the insights and ensuing discussions generated by the RTG from published observations/conclusions drawn from in-house investigations conducted by industry together with academic and dedicated research institutions a series of chronologically assigned specific quantities and performance targets will be declared for components/sub-systems relevant to hybrid/electric propulsion. To round off, in an effort to address future operational requirements, regulatory considerations and certification different integrated vehicle design(s) servicing specific mission roles, e.g. MALE/HALE/UCAV (or others), will be reviewed.
The following technical areas will be scrutinized in detail: Hybrid-Electric Propulsors – involves examination of candidates that incorporate thermal engines coupled with an electric motor that is driven by a secondary electrical energy source. Parallel and series-parallel configurations that incorporate mechanical power-train coupling to the low-pressure as well as high-pressure spools could result in hybrid-compressors, propulsors and hybrid-turbo-machines. Electrical Energy Storage, Power Management and Distribution – the performance, flexibility, safety and redundancy of parallel and series combinations of energy storage media (batteries or capacitors or fuel cells) is to be examined. Also, high voltage, DC and super-conducting electrical network options shall be explored Includes considerations related to thermal regulation and control. Electrical Machines and Power Electronics – technologies providing minimum size and weight electrical machines and power electronics conversion whilst maintaining high conversion efficiency should be examined. This topic also includes any considerations related to thermal regulation and control. Synergistic Annexed Technologies – ideas related to annexed technologies like distributed propulsion, which may serve to further enhance overall performance by generating significant synergy effects with hybrid-electric motive power systems. This also includes fully or partially embedded propulsion within the airframe to exploit benefits from Boundary Layer Ingestion and Wake Filling. Another topic under this category could be autonomy in relation to the complex interaction, in real-time, of expert systems onboard the aircraft, e.g. electrically actuated adaptive structures. All will be examined in terms of technology type, performance and specific quantities according to service entry chronological waypoints of year-2020 (state-of-the-art at TRL6), year-2035 and year-2050.
(no title)AVT
AVT-311NATO UNCLASSIFIEDActiveRTG2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2023-09-30T00:00:00ZAvailability and Quality Issues with Raw Materials for Rocket Propulsion Systems and Potential Consequences for NATO
availability, critical materials, hybrid propellant, Missile propulsion, obsolete materials, quality, ramjet, ramrocket, raw materials, regulations, rocket engine with gelled propellant, solid fuel ramjet, solid rocket
Tactical missiles are most important for strike-, intercept- and self-defense actions from Air-, Land- and Sea-based platforms. The majority of propulsion systems for tactical missiles are solid rocket engines. Less often, small turbojets and ramjets or ram-rockets are used. Rocket motors with gelled propellant, hybrid rockets and solid fuel ramjets are candidates for future tactical missile propulsion. It is of major importance for NATO and NATO nations to ensure development and supply of such tactical propulsion subsystems on demand with regards to quantity, quality and schedule. In the last decade, all manufacturers of solid rocket motors and related subsystems have experienced issues with availability, continuous supply and quality of raw materials for solid propellants, insulations, charge igniters, etc. A shrinking market and severely tightened regulations with regards to manufacture/processing and use of raw materials (e.g. REACH) are drivers for the chemical industry to question the business case for chemicals needed for solid rocket propulsion. Consequences are cancellations in the product portfolio of chemical companies, downsized and/or discontinuous production processes and increased lead times and price for orders. Sometimes raw materials are available only from nations outside NATO.
The task group will exchange information on the experiences on procurement and use of raw materials for tactical propulsion systems. The availability for major raw materials will be evaluated and main issues encountered with the raw materials will be summarized. The task group will also identify critical materials and attempt to define routes for providing alternative materials with equivalent capability. Furthermore, the task group will investigate the formation of a continuous propulsion manufacturers and government bodies network. The aim of this network will be coordination of future activities in obsolete materials supporting security of supply for NATO and NATO nations. At last the task group will evaluate potential consequences for NATO and NATO nations and give conclusive recommendations. The task group will deliver a Final Technical Report which will include the above mentioned topics.
Prepare listing of main group of raw materials to be covered according to usage in missile propulsion systems (solid propellant, ramjet fuel, hybrid fuel, insulation, etc.) Evaluate the availability for major raw materials. Review of obsolescence monitoring process across participants. Critical examination of the issues encountered with these raw materials (suppliers, quantity, quality, lead time and price, regulations). Identify critical materials (short term and longer term) and classify the materials according to supply difficulties and environmental regulations (e.g. REACH, CLP). Examine actions being taken for finding alternative materials with equivalent capability. Evaluate potential consequences for NATO and NATO nations and give conclusive recommendations.
(no title)AVT
AVT-313NATO UNCLASSIFIEDActiveRTG2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2023-12-31T00:00:00ZIncompressible Laminar-to-Turbulent Flow Transition Study
Bypass Transition, Flow Instability, Laminar Flow, Turbulence Modeling, Turbulent Flow
The use of simulations, particularly computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is having an increasing role in design decisions for marine vehicles and aircraft. The typical high level simulation, for example at the level of the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, assumes the flow is fully turbulent. This assumption of the flow being fully turbulent is appropriate for full scale ships, submarines and aircraft and RANS codes can provide good predictions of full scale performance. However, the assumption of fully turbulent flow is not appropriate for smaller vehicles, such as unmanned vehicles, where large transitional regions can exist. The prediction of transitional flows has been difficult. As mentioned RANS level predictions typically assume the flow is fully turbulent. Models do exist for the prediction of transitional flows with RANS codes. In addition, large eddy simulation (LES) is becoming applicable to practical flows at higher Reynolds numbers and LES codes have an ability to predict transitional flows. However, the capability of these tools to predict transitional flows of relevance to the NATO community needs to be assessed as this directly relates to the ability to predict the performance of unmanned vehicles.
In this effort, an assessment will be made of existing capabilities of CFD codes to predict transitional flows of interest as well as an assessment of relevant data for validation of transition prediction. This will include the use of RANS as well as LES codes for transition prediction. The effort will also include the evaluation of transition specific turbulence models. Finally, transitional experimental data of relevance for validation of the methods will be identified. The goal is to be able to provide information on what the state of the art is for the prediction of transitional flows and guidance for the NATO community on predicting these flows for configurations relevant to unmanned vehicle design and evaluation.
• Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) prediction of laminar to turbulence transitional flows • Turbulence modeling relevant to transitional flows • Large eddy simulation (LES) prediction of laminar to turbulence transitional flows • Experimental data appropriate for CFD validation of transitional flow prediction. This is planned to include both canonical problems (e.g. two-dimensional airfoils) as well as more realistic underwater body configurations.
(no title)AVT
AVT-315NATO UNCLASSIFIEDAwaiting PublicationRTG2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2023-06-30T00:00:00ZComparative Assessment of Modeling and Simulation Methods of Shipboard Launch and Recovery of Helicopters
aircraft, airwake, modeling and simulation, Ship, ship motion
The report for AVT-217 concluded that ship-helicopter modeling and simulation methods (M&S) are not validated to the extent which allows the methods to be used confidently for the development of ship-helicopter operating limits. An obvious source of validation information would be the actual at-sea data, compiled from helicopter launch and recovery tasks. Although the acquisition of actual at-sea data is already possible during ship-helicopter operating-limit (SHOL) trials, and even though SHOL trial data is validation data of the highest quality, the chances of sharing with member nations are slim due to national security constraints. As an alternative, this work will share the M&S methods each has developed and their experiences with using the methodology on the nation’s ship-helicopter platform of interest. In addition, each member nation will apply their M&S methodology to a common ship-helicopter platform and share the results so that the prediction methods and the various metrics can be compared and correlated across the member nations.
This RTG has two objectives. Each nation will be called upon (1) to document their M&S methodology of the ship-airwake interface, and (2) to exercise the M&S methodology on a common ship-helicopter platform and common test program, and correlate the results across the methods. The RTG will produce a report describing the M&S methods each nation has developed and their experiences with using the methodology on the nation’s ship-helicopter platform of interest. The report will also describe the application of the M&S method by each nation on the common ship-helicopter platform, as well as the results and outcome of the comparative assessment. The RTG will also deliver a database for the common ship-helicopter platform which will allow for comparative assessments of other M&S methods in the future. At the conclusion of this activity, each nation will have developed a level of confidence of their M&S method with respect to those of the other nations via the common ship-helicopter platform; we will be able to recommend the appropriate metrics and criteria; and we will know under what conditions ship motion is an essential feature for modeling and simulation of the air flow at the ship-helicopter interface. This activity is expected to raise the technology readiness level of the various approaches to modeling and simulating the ship-helicopter interface from TRL 5 (component validation in a relevant environment) to TRL 6 (system model in a relevant environment).
(1) Modeling and simulation; (2) metrics and criteria; and (3) comparative assessment data. We expect to advance the S&T from a detailed understanding of the components of the M&S methods to a detailed understanding of the system, such as benchmarking, similarities and differences between M&S approaches, opportunities for improvement, and recognizing the limits of applicability.
(no title)AVT
AVT-316NATO UNCLASSIFIEDAwaiting PublicationRTG2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2022-12-31T00:00:00ZVortex Interaction Effects Relevant to Military Air Vehicle Performance
CFD capabilities, compressible flow, flow simulation, incompressible flow, maneuver performance, vortex breakdown, Vortex flow, vortex interaction
Modern air tactics require agile maneuverability capability that includes operations at high angles of attack and sideslip. Military air vehicles routinely develop multiple, close-proximity vortices within required operating conditions. Interactions among these vortices, between the vortices and the vehicle components, and at high speeds, between the vortices and shock waves significantly affect maneuver performance, often with adverse consequences. Current capability to predict these effects with CFD is inadequate, and some aspects of the vortex-interaction flow physics are not well understood. Previous STO activities have not focused on the prediction of vortex interactions and their effects on military vehicle performance.
The objectives are: to evaluate the capability of current CFD methods to predict vortex-interaction effects pertinent to realistic problems of interest to NATO, to extend our understanding of vortex-interaction flow physics for these problems through numerical and physical experimentation, to enhance our capability for these predictions, and to develop recommendations for future development. Expected achievements could include improved predictive capability of vortex interaction effects important to military vehicle maneuver performance. Current Technology Readiness Level for this topic is estimated to be 2, and the results of this effort could increase this TRL to 3.
Close-proximity vortex interactions that could occur between vortices, between vortices and vehicle components, and/or between vortices and shock waves and that are relevant to military air maneuver performance. Computations will emphasize high-fidelity CFD methods including RANS and hybrid RANS-LES technologies. Wind tunnel experiments will emphasize measurements of vortex-interaction effects that will guide CFD method enhancements.
(no title)AVT
AVT-320NATO UNCLASSIFIEDAwaiting PublicationRTG2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2023-12-31T00:00:00ZAssessments of Numerical Simulation Methods for Turbulent Cavitating Flows
Bubbly flows, Cavitation, Erosion, Noise, Turbulence
Turbulent cavitating flows impact the operation of military ships in several significant ways. Physics-based, high-fidelity simulation of these flows faces several challenges. The main challenge faced in tackling turbulent multiphase flows of naval interest stems from the inherently complex physics of the flows occurring at high Reynolds numbers of O(107 - 109). Presence of multiple phases alone poses fundamental difficulties mainly due to distinctive multiple regimes of interfacial morphology ranging from dilute gas-bubble flows to churning bubbly flows to stratified flows. The physics of cavitating flows is further complicated, inasmuch as cavitation involves phase change, namely vaporization and condensation, that is influenced by non-condensable gases, gas nuclei and thermodynamics. In addition, turbulence greatly affects the interfacial dynamics of multiphase flows and the dynamics of cavitating bubbles throughout their lifetime across a wide range of length- and time-scales. Recent developments in the measurement techniques for turbulent multiphase flows using state-of-the-art optical techniques, high-speed video and X-rays have enabled us to look into the flow-fields and phase distributions of multiphase flows with unprecedented precision. The experimental data with such details not only give a new insight into the fundamental physics of the flows but also offer great opportunities to validate numerical simulations in a systematic and comprehensive manner. Although challenges still remain for high-fidelity numerical simulations, today’s high-performance computing with peta-flop processors and massive parallelism allows us to pursue a paradigm where the salient physics of turbulent multiphase flows can be predicted using advanced computational algorithms and physical models based on first principles with acceptable numerical uncertainty. In view of the strategic importance of the subject flows to the Navy, it is timely that the NATO AVT community initiates a collaborative effort to assess current technologies, develop best practices and identify areas needing improvements.
• Review and select candidate experiments for case studies • Review numerical approaches to high-fidelity simulation of turbulent cavitating flows • Conduct benchmark computations for the selected cases of turbulent cavitating flows • Identify shortfalls of the numerical methods for simulating turbulent cavitating flows • Develop best practices for high-fidelity numerical simulation of turbulent cavitating flows • Recommend future efforts in computations and experiments We hope first to gain a sound understanding of the fundamental physics of turbulent cavitating flows using a combined numerical and experimental campaign. The end goal of this cooperative research is to enable high-fidelity numerical prediction of not only global quantities such as forces and moments but also the phenomenological details of turbulent cavitating flows. With the help of high-performance computing, we will take physics-based numerical simulation one-level up to demonstrate its utility in building a digital twin of a selected marine propulsion system (e.g., waterjet pump). Reports and papers will also be among the deliverables.
• State-of-the-art experiments for turbulent cavitating flows • Mathematical frameworks to describe multiphase flows (e.g., Eulerian, Lagrangian) • Scale-resolving simulation of turbulent flows • Mass-transfer (vaporization and condensation) modelling • Effects of turbulence on the life cycle of cavitating bubbles • Numerical algorithms for solutions of turbulent multiphase flow equations One critically important aspect of cavitation from S & T standpoint we hope to shed light on is the role played by turbulent flow-fields such as fluctuating pressure in driving cavitation (e.g., cavitation inception, shedding and collapse of cloud cavity) that has not been properly addressed in previous numerical simulations.
(no title)AVT
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